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CISC VS RISC computers (all details)

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CISC Introduction            The term "CISC" (complex instruction set computer or computing) refers to computers designed with a full set of computer instructions that were intended to provide needed capabilities in the most efficient way. Intel's   Pentium   microprocessors are CISC microprocessors. CISC is a   processor design   where single   instructions   can execute several low-level operations (such as a load from   memory , an arithmetic   operation , and a   memory store ) or are capable of multi-step operations or   addressing modes   within single instructions. The primary goal of CISC architecture is to complete a task in as few lines of assembly as possible. This is achieved by building processor hardware that is capable of understanding & executing a series of operations, this is where our CISC architecture introduced. The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instructions per program, sacrificing
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DHCP principle , DHCP server and client communication process

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1. Explain with principle: the DHCP server and client communication process DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It handles the automatic assignment of IP addresses and other configuration settings for devices on your network. DHCP automates Network and Sharing Center in your control panel. This is especially good for people who have laptops, aren't hooked up to the Internet all the time and often move from place to place with their portable devices. They can simply get a new IP address as needed without having to do it manually. DHCP is designed to make the assignment of IP addresses and other network configuration information faster and easier. DHCP is a protocol that uses Level 4 on the OSI model. It communicates using User Datagram Protocol (UDP) datagrams through UDP Port 68. DHCP works with most current and past Windows clients, and also Linux, Macintosh, and many network-capable printers. DHCP is desi
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Recommendation System literature review | Building a recommendation system

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People have always relied on the recommendations from their peers or the advice of experts to support their decision making. Amazon.com has been using collaborative filtering for a decade to recommend products to their customers, and Netflix valued improvements to the recommender technology underlying their movie rental service at $1M via the widely published Netflix Prize [6]. Research on recommender algorithms garnered significant attention in 2006 when Netflix launched the Netflix Prize to improve the state of movie recommendation. The objective of this competition was to build a recommender algorithm that could beat their internal CineMatch algorithm in offline tests by 10%. It sparked a flurry of activity, both in academia and amongst hobbyists. The $1 M prize demonstrates the value that vendors place on accurate recommendations [8]. Recommender Systems provide the users with the suggestions of information that may be useful to the users to make their decisions on various sit
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FinallyGravitational Waves Detected, Confirming Einstein's Theory.

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In physics, gravitational waves are ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagate as waves, travelling outward from the source. Predicted in 1916 by Albert Einstein on the basis of his theory of general relativity, gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is a possible consequence of the Lorentz invariance ofgeneral relativity since it brings the concept of a limiting speed of propagation of the physical interactions with it. By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitation, which postulates that physical interactions propagate at infinite speed.
Before the direct detection of gravitational waves, there was indirect evidence for their existence. For example, measurements of the Hulse–Taylor binary system suggested that gravitational waves are more than a hypothetical concept. Potential sources of detectable gravitational waves include binary star systems composed of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Variousgravitational-wave detectors are under construction or in operation, such as Advanced LIGO which began observations in September 2015.
On February 11, 2016, the LIGO experiment team announced that they had directly detected gravitational waves from a pair of black holes merging.
Scientists are claiming a stunning discovery in their quest to fully understand gravity.
They have observed the warping of space-time generated by the collision of two black holes more than a billion light-years from Earth.
The international team says the first detection of these gravitational waves will usher in a new era for astronomy.
It is the culmination of decades of searching and could ultimately offer a window on the Big Bang.
The research, by the Ligo Collaboration, has been published today in the journalPhysical Review Letters.
The collaboration operates a number of labs around the world that fire lasers through long tunnels, trying to sense ripples in the fabric of space-time.

From prediction to reality: a history of the search for gravitational waves

  • 1915 - Albert Einstein publishes general theory of relativity, explains gravity as the warping of spacetime by mass or energy
  • 1916 - Einstein predicts massive objects whirling in certain ways will cause spacetime ripples—gravitational waves
  • 1936 - Einstein has second thoughts and argues in a manuscript that the waves don't exist—until reviewer points out a mistake
  • 1962 - Russian physicists M. E. Gertsenshtein and V. I. Pustovoit publish paper sketch optical method for detecting gravitational
  • waves—to no notice
  • 1969 - Physicist Joseph Weber claims gravitational wave detection using massive aluminum cylinders—replication efforts fail
  • 1972 - Rainer Weiss of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge independently proposes optical method for detecting waves
  • 1974 - Astronomers discover pulsar orbiting a neutron star that appears to be slowing down due to gravitational radiation—work that later earns them a Nobel Prize
  • 1979 - National Science Foundation (NSF) funds California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and MIT to develop design for LIGO
  • 1990 - NSF agrees to fund $250 million LIGO experiment
  • 1992 - Sites in Washington and Louisiana selected for LIGO facilities; construction starts 2 years later
  • 1995 - Construction starts on GEO600 gravitational wave detector in Germany, which partners with LIGO and starts taking data in 2002
  • 1996 - Construction starts on VIRGO gravitational wave detector in Italy, which starts taking data in 2007
  • 2002–2010 - Runs of initial LIGO—no detection of gravitational waves
  • 2007 - LIGO and VIRGO teams agree to share data, forming a single global network of gravitational wave detectors
  • 2010–2015 - $205 million upgrade of LIGO detectors
  • 2015 - Advanced LIGO begins initial detection runs in September
  • 2016 - On 11 February, NSF and LIGO team announce successful detection of gravitational waves

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